Roth Conversion Calculator

Moving money from a traditional IRA/401(k) to a Roth IRA, paying ordinary income tax on the converted amount today in exchange for tax-free growth and withdrawals later (after age 59.5 and 5-year rule).

Low-income years (early retirement before Social Security and RMDs), market downturns (convert at depressed values), or if you expect higher tax rates later. Although the 2017 tax cuts were scheduled to sunset after 2025, the 2025 One Big Beautiful Bill Act made those lower rates permanent, so the case for converting now rests on your own bracket trajectory rather than a looming across-the-board rate increase.

Convert just enough to fill the current tax bracket without spilling into the next. For 2025, the 24% bracket extends to $197,300 single / $394,600 MFJ. Converting up to those thresholds is often optimal for affluent retirees.

No; recharacterizations of conversions were eliminated by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. Once you convert, the tax bill is owed. This makes conversion timing and amount critical decisions.

To withdraw earnings tax-free, your Roth account must be at least 5 years old, counted from your first contribution or conversion, and you must be 59.5 or older. Each conversion also starts its own separate 5-year clock, which must pass to avoid the 10% penalty on early withdrawals of converted funds.

Yes. The amount you convert is added to your taxable income for the year of the conversion. That can push you into a higher marginal bracket and ripple into other items such as ACA health-insurance subsidies and Medicare IRMAA surcharges.

Not necessarily. Many advisors favor smaller partial conversions spread across several years to keep the tax hit manageable and take advantage of lower-income years, such as the gap between retiring and the start of required minimum distributions.

No. There are no income limits for converting a traditional IRA to a Roth. Income limits only apply to direct contributions to a Roth IRA, not to conversions.