Frequently Asked Questions
How is orbital velocity calculated?
For a circular orbit, v = √(GM/r), where r is the orbital radius (planet radius + altitude). Escape velocity is √2 times that: v_esc = √(2GM/r).
Why is escape velocity √2 times orbital velocity?
Orbiting needs enough speed for centripetal balance; escaping needs enough kinetic energy to reach zero speed at infinity, which works out to exactly √2 ≈ 1.414× the circular-orbit speed.
What is the orbital period?
T = 2π√(r³/GM) (Kepler's third law). The tool reports it alongside the velocities for the chosen body and altitude.
Does orbital velocity depend on the satellite's mass?
No - mass cancels out. A feather and a station at the same altitude need the same orbital speed.
What is the escape velocity of Earth?
From Earth's surface it is about 11.2 km/s (roughly 40,300 km/h, or 25,000 mph). That comes from v_esc = √(2GM/r) with Earth's mass and radius. Escape velocity drops with altitude, so a spacecraft already in orbit needs less than 11.2 km/s to leave from there.
What is the orbital velocity of the ISS?
The International Space Station orbits at about 400 km altitude, so its orbital speed is roughly 7.66 km/s (about 27,600 km/h, or 17,100 mph). That gives an orbital period near 92 minutes, so the station circles Earth about 16 times a day.
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Estimates for informational purposes only.
Important Disclaimer: Estimates for informational purposes only.
This calculator provides estimates for informational purposes only. Results are based on assumptions and may not reflect actual outcomes. Consult qualified professionals in relevant fields before making important decisions based on these results.