Frequently Asked Questions
What is the t-statistic?
A standardized measure of how far the sample mean is from a hypothesized value, in units of standard error: t = (x̄ - μ₀) / (s/√n).
What are degrees of freedom?
For a one-sample t-test, df = n − 1. Lower df means heavier-tailed t distribution and more uncertainty about the population SD.
When does the t-test break down?
When the underlying data is strongly non-normal at small n, or when observations aren't independent. With n ≥ 30 the central limit theorem usually rescues it.
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